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The history of Minnesota The history of Minnesota concerns the the Seven Years' War. Northern regions state of Minnesota that forms part of of Minnesota now came under the control the United States of America. It is of the British. Spain claimed the rest located along the northern border with of the region comprising the current Canada, at the western shore of Lake state. Superior. However, no Spanish explorers had come The first people came to region that now through the area, and it was eventually forms Minnesota during the last Ice Age, transferred to French hands in 1800. following herds of large game. The In the late 18th century, The United Anishinaabe, the Sioux, and the other States came into being. A portion of Native American inhabitants of the previously British territory in region represent the ancestors of these Minnesota was soon claimed by Americans. first early settlers. European presence The Northwest Territory was formed in began with the coming of French fur 1787 and included lands east of the traders in the 1600s. During the 1800s Mississippi, including the northeastern most of the Native American population region around Lake Superior. was pushed out as American settlers In 1800, the Northwest Territory was moved westward. By 1858, thousands of divided into two parts. The western people had come to build farms and cut portion became Indiana Territory while timber, and Minnesota became the 32nd US the eastern part became Ohio. Also in state. 1800, a wide swath of land once claimed evidence indicates that human beings by Spain became French territory, but it first came to the region about 12,000 to didn't stay that way for long. The 10,500 years ago (10,000 BC to 8500 BC). Louisiana Purchase brought most of what Clovis points have been discovered in is now Minnesota under the control of the area, but dating stone tools is Americans in 1803. difficult. Some Native Americans believe In 1809, the eastern portion of that humans came to North America even Minnesota again changed names, this time before this time. becoming Illinois Territory until the Some of the earliest evidence of a State of Illinois was formed in 1818. sustained presence in the area comes The land became part of Michigan from a site known as Bradbury Brook near Territory. Lake Mille Lacs which was used around The western part of the state became the year 7500 BC. Before long, extensive known as part of Missouri Territory in trading networks apparently began to 1812, until it became unorganized in grow. The body of an early resident 1821 when Missouri became a state. known as "Minnesota Woman" was The western portion of Minnesota was discovered in 1931 in Otter Tail County. merged into Michigan Territory along Radiocarbon dating determined that she with the eastern portion that was had come through the area in already part of that region in 1834. It approximately 6600 BC. She had a conch was separated off in 1836 to become shell from a snail species known as Wisconsin Territory. Another two years, Busycon perversa, which has only been and Iowa Territory was separated off in known to exist in Florida. 1838. Several hundred years later, the climate The area was split off again when Iowa of Minnesota warmed significantly. was formed from Iowa Territory in 1846. Archaeologists have found that stone Minnesota Territory finally came into tools shrank in this time as native being on March 3, 1849. The territory people transitioned from hunting (very) stretches west to the Missouri River. A big game toward smaller creatures. flurry of other activities occur the Hooks, nets, and harpoons were also same year as cities and counties are devised for catching fish. incorporated and new agencies are formed Around 5000 BC, people on the shores of under the new government (such as the Lake Superior (in Minnesota and portions Minnesota Historical Society). of what is now Michigan, Wisconsin, and On May 11, 1858, Minnesota was admitted Canada) were the first on the continent into the Union as the 32nd state. to begin making metal tools. They used In 1805, two years after the Louisiana pieces of ore with high concentrations Purchase, Zebulon Pike purchased land of copper. The pieces were initially from the Dakota that would later become pounded into a rough shape, heated to the basis of Fort Snelling. For reduce brittleness, and pounded again to Americans, this was the first region refine the shape, and heated again. that could be legally settled. However, Edges could be made sharp enough to be a permanent U.S. presence didn't come to useful as knives or spear points. the new land for more than a decade. Native people began intentionally In 1837, treaties were signed leaving their mark around 3000 BC. Stone individually with the Mdewakanton Dakota carvings depicting people and animals and Ojibwe, ceding land between the St. were carved into rock faces until just a Croix and Mississippi so that few hundred years ago. Pieces of pottery lumberjacks could come in and start began to appear at shortlived logging. settlements about 2000 years later. The Ho-Chunk were moved in 1847 by the Around 700 BC, burial mounds were first U.S. government after a treaty was created. The practice of making mounds signed with them. They were moved from also continued until about the time northeast Iowa and southeast Minnesota white settlers began moving into the into a reservation in the central part area. At one time, 10,000 such mounds of the state where Todd County currently dotted the state. is. The reservation was meant to be a By 800 AD, wild rice became a staple buffer zone between the Dakota and crop in the region, much like corn Ojibwe tribes, which were continuing to farther to the south. Within a few come into conflict. Also in 1847, the hundred years, the Mississippian culture Ojibwe ceded a section of land west of reached into the southeast portion of the Mississippi in central Minnesota to the state, and large villages were the U.S. government. formed. The Dakota tribes ceded a massive swath The Dakota Indian culture may have of southern Minnesota in 1852, except descended from some of the peoples of for a region along the western part of the Mississippian culture. the Minnesota River. Two vast stretches According to local legend, the earliest of land were ceded by the Ojibwe in Europeans to arrive were Vikings from following years. The first comes in Scandinavia around the year 1362. The 1854, and composed most of the modern Kensington Runestone was reportedly Arrowhead Region. The next year, another found in the field of Olaf Ohman near parcel of land stretching most of the Alexandria, Minnesota in 1898. Most way across the state was ceded. scholars dismiss it as a hoax, however. In 1855, The Winnebago tribe moved Around 1550, the legendary Iroquois again, from their settlement in Todd Indian leader Hiawatha came through the County to a smaller one in Blue Earth area. County. The Todd County settlement was It was a few more centuries before wooded, a relatively unfamiliar area for contact between Europeans and Native the tribe, which was more accustomed to Americans of Minnesota could be prairie life. confirmed. In the late 1650s, Pierre In 1858, another blow was dealt to the Esprit Radisson and Sieur des Dakota tribe as half of their land Groseilliers were probably the first to around the Minnesota River (the northern meet Dakota Indians while following the bank) was ceded. Representatives of the southern shore of Lake Superior (which tribe had gone to Washington, D.C. to would be northern Wisconsin). The north discuss grievances about payments, but shore was explored in the 1660s. Among were instead pressured into signing the first to do this was Claude Allouez, another treaty. a missionary on Madeline Island. He made In 1863 and 1864, another large swath of an early map of the area in 1671. land was ceded by the Ojibwe to the Also around this time, the Ojibwe United States. A small area of land Indians reached Minnesota as part of a around Red Lake within this section westward migration. Having come from a remained in Ojibwe hands. region around Maine, they were The last of the northern Ojibwe lands experienced at dealing with white outside of Red Lake in Minnesota are traders. They dealt in furs and ceded in 1866 and 1867. possessed guns. Tensions rose between Native people had been on the land for the Ojibwe and Dakota in the ensuing millennia. Many of the earliest major years. villages were part of the Mississippian In 1671, France signed a treaty with a civilization, though that society came number of tribes to allow trade. Various apart long before Europeans came into explorers and traders were soon coming the area. The Ojibwe came in the through the region. French trader Daniel mid-17th century, and the earliest white Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut was soon in the settlements by French explorers appeared area and trading with the local tribes. soon after, but didn't take root. Du Lhut explored the western area of A military encampment known as Fort St. Lake Superior (hence the city of Duluth) Anthony appeared at the confluence of and areas south of there. He helped to the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers in arrange a peace agreement between the 1819. The first winter, more than 30 Dakota and Ojibwe tribes in 1679. people died when supplies ran low in a Father Louis Hennepin with companion temporary encampment down near the Michel Aco (and possibly another) headed river. north from the area of Illinois after In the following five years, the men coming into that area with an quarried stone and felled trees to build exploration party headed by René Robert the fort, soon named for Colonel Josiah Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. They were Snelling, who led the group. The fort captured by a Dakota tribe in 1680. was built to protect the American fur While with the tribe, they came across trade by preventing British traders from and named the Falls of St. Anthony. taking business away from U.S. traders. Soon, du Lhut negotiated to have At the fort, Lawrence Taliaferro was an Hennepin's party released from agent of the U.S. Bureau of Indian captivity. Hennepin returned to Europe Affairs. He spent 20 years at the site, and wrote a book, published in 1683, finally resigning in 1839. A community about his travels where many portions known as Mendota began growing across (including the part about St. Anthony the river, but squatters also made their Falls) were strongly embellished. presence known in another nearby camp. A Explorers still searching for the fabled number of the people at the fort didn't Northwest Passage and large inland seas appreciate the new presence, Taliaferro in North America continued to pass among them. The fort imposed new through the state. In 1731, the Grand restrictions a few times, forcing the Portage trail was first passed through squatters to head downriver. by a European, Pierre La Vérendrye. He The squatters, mostly from the ill-fated used a map written down on a piece of Selkirk Colony in what is now the birch bark by Ochagach, an Assiniboin Canadian province of Manitoba, next guide. settled a site known as Fountain Cave. The North West Company, which traded in This site wasn't quite far enough for fur and competed with the Hudson's Bay the officers at the fort, so the Company, was established along the Grand squatters were forced out again, this Portage in 1783–1784. time naming their settlement Pig's Eye The area of Minnesota was first claimed after Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant, a by France in the 17th century, before popular moonshiner of the colony. The anyone had even visited the area. name was later changed to Lambert's Explorers came through over the course Landing and then finally Saint Paul. of about a century. In 1763, the French However, the earliest name for the area ceded much of their claimed territory in comes from an Indian colony Im-in-i-ja North America to the Kingdom of Great Ska, meaning "White Rock" and referring Britain in the Treaty of Paris following to the limestone bluffs nearby. 1 A B C D E 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126